HIV Risk Singapore | Shim Clinic
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The risk of being infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), depends on the type of exposure that occured between partners, and whether a condom was used.
Proper and consistent use of condoms reduces the risk of HIV transmission. Unless there was condom failure like condom break, slip, or no condom was used.
HIV Risk (2014 figures)
Estimated Per-Act Probability of Acquiring HIV from an Infected Source, by Exposure Act*
| Type of Exposure | Risk per 10,000 Exposures |
|---|---|
| Parenteral3 | |
| Blood Transfusion | 9,250 |
| Needle-sharing during injection drug use | 63 |
| Percutaneous (needle-stick) | 23 |
| Sexual3 | |
| Receptive anal intercourse | 138 |
| Insertive anal intercourse | 11 |
| Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse | 8 |
| Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse | 4 |
| Receptive oral intercourse | low |
| Insertive oral intercourse | low |
| Other^ | |
| Biting | negligible4 |
| Spitting | negligible |
| Throwing body fluids (including semen or saliva) | negligible |
| Sharing sex toys | negligible |
* Factors that may increase the risk of HIV transmission include sexually transmitted diseases, acute and late-stage HIV infection, and high viral load. Factors that may decrease the risk include condom use, male circumcision, antiretroviral treatment, and pre-exposure prophylaxis. None of these factors are accounted for in the estimates presented in the table.
^ HIV transmission through these exposure routes is technically possible but unlikely and not well documented.
References
1 Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, et al; HPTN 052 Study Team. Prevention of HIV-1 Infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365(6):493-505.
2 Weller SC, Davis-Beaty K. Condom effectiveness in reducing heterosexual HIV transmission (Review). The Cochrane Collaboration. Wiley and Sons, 2011.
3 Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT. Et al. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000298.
4 Pretty LA, Anderson GS, Sweet DJ. Human bites and the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission. Am J Forensic Med Pathol 1999;20(3):232-239.
HIV Transmission Risk
http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/policies/law/risk.html
At risk of HIV? Get HIV PEP treatment!
HIV Risk (2009 figures)
Estimated HIV transmission risk per exposure for specific activities and events
| Activity | Risk-per-exposure |
|---|---|
| Vaginal sex, female-to-male, studies in high-income countries | 0.04% (1:2380) |
| Vaginal sex, male-to-female, studies in high-income countries | 0.08% (1:1234) |
| Vaginal sex, female-to-male, studies in low-income countries | 0.38% (1:263) |
| Vaginal sex, male-to-female, studies in low-income countries | 0.30% (1:333) |
| Vaginal sex, source partner is asymptomatic | 0.07% (1:1428) |
| Vaginal sex, source partner has late-stage disease | 0.55% (1:180) |
| Receptive anal sex amongst gay men, partner unknown status | 0.27% (1:370) |
| Receptive anal sex amongst gay men, partner HIV positive | 0.82% (1:123) |
| Receptive anal sex with condom, gay men, partner unknown status | 0.18% (1:555) |
| Insertive anal sex, gay men, partner unknown status | 0.06% (1:1666) |
| Insertive anal sex with condom, gay men, partner unknown status | 0.04% (1:2500) |
| Receptive fellatio | Estimates range from 0.00% to 0.04% (1:2500) |
| Mother-to-child, mother takes at least two weeks antiretroviral therapy | 0.8% (1:125) |
| Mother-to-child, mother takes combination therapy, viral load below 50 | 0.1% (1:1000) |
| Injecting drug use | Estimates range from 0.63% (1:158) to 2.4% (1:41) |
| Needlestick injury, no other risk factors | 0.13% (1:769) |
| Blood transfusion with contaminated blood | 92.5% (9:10) |
Sources: vaginal sex;1 anal sex;2 fellatio;3 2 mother-to-child;4 other activities.5
References
- Boily MC et al. Heterosexual risk of HIV-1 infection per sexual act: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lancet Infect Dis 9(2): 118-129, 2009
- Vittinghoff E et al. Per-contact risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission between male sexual partners. American Journal of Epidemiology 150: 306-311, 1999
- Del Romero J et al. Evaluating the risk of HIV transmission through unprotected orogenital sex. AIDS 16(9): 1296-1297, 2002
- Townsend C et al. Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000-2006. AIDS 22: 973-981, 2008
- Baggaley RF et al. Risk of HIV-1 transmission for parenteral exposure and blood transfusion. AIDS 20: 805-812, 2006
- HIV & AIDS Information :: How transmission occurs – Estimated risk per exposure
At risk of HIV? Get HIV PEP treatment!
HIV Risk (2005 figures)
Estimated per-act risk for acquisition of HIV, by exposure route*
| Exposure route | Risk per 10,000 exposures to an infected source | % |
|---|---|---|
| Blood transfusion | 9000 | 90 |
| Needle-sharing injection-drug use | 67 | 0.67 |
| Receptive anal intercourse | 50 | 0.5 |
| Percutaneous needle stick | 30 | 0.3 |
| Receptive penile-vaginal intercourse | 10 | 0.1 |
| Insertive anal intercourse | 6.5 | 0.065 |
| Insertive penile-vaginal intercourse | 5 | 0.05 |
| Receptive oral intercourse† | 1 | 0.01 |
| Insertive oral intercourse† | 0.5 | 0.005 |
*Estimates of risk for transmission from sexual exposures assume no condom use.
†Source refers to oral intercourse performed on a man.
References
- Estimated per-act risk for acquisition of HIV, by exposure route
- Antiretroviral Postexposure Prophylaxis After Sexual, Injection-Drug Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV in the United States
At risk of HIV? Get HIV PEP treatment!
HIV risk (2002 figures)
HIV Risk Statistics (chances of getting HIV)
| HIV Risk Factors | HIV Transmission Probability |
|---|---|
| Needle stick injury3 | 1/300 |
| Receptive anal intercourse4 | 1/100 |
| Receptive vaginal intercourse5 | 1/1000 |
| Insertive vaginal intercourse4 | 1/2000 |
| Insertive anal intercourse4 | 1/2500 |
| Receptive fellatio with ejaculation4 | 1/2500 |
| Sharing needles6 | 1/150 |
References
- Cardo DM, Culver DH, Ciesielski CA, et al. A Case-Control Study of HIV Seroconversion in Health Care Workers after Percutaneous Exposure. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:1485-1490.
- Katz MH, Gerberding JL. Management of occupational and nonoccupational postexposure HIV prophylaxis. Current Inf Dis Reports. 2002;4:543-549.
- Gerberding JL. Prophylaxis for Occupational Exposure to HIV. Ann Intern Med. 1996;6:497-501
- Vitinghoff E, Douglas J, Judon F, et al. Per-Contact Risk of Human Immunodificiency Virus Transmision between Male Sexual Partners. Am J Epidemiol. 1999;150:306-311.
- Peterman TA, Stoneburner RL, Allen JR, et al. Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission From Heterosexual Adults With Transfusion-Associated Infections. JAMA. 1988;259:55-58. [Erratum. JAMA. 1989;262:502]
- Kaplan EH, Heimer R. A Model-Based Estimate of HIV Infectivity via Needle Sharing. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1992;5:1116-1118.
At risk of HIV? Get HIV PEP treatment!
| Timeline | HIV | STD | Pregnancy |
|---|---|---|---|
| Before exposure | |||
| Contraception (females only) | |||
| HIV PrEP (pre-exposure prophylaxis) - Stop HIV infection before exposure | STD vaccine: - Hepatitis vaccine - HPV vaccine | ||
| STD / HIV exposure | |||
| 0-72 hours | HIV PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) - Stop HIV infection after exposure | STD testing * - Screening test - to look for asymptomatic infections - from previous exposures | Emergency contraception with the morning-after pill (females only) |
| 2 weeks | HIV DNA Test | ||
| 1 month | HIV 4th Generation Test - SD Bioline HIV Ag/Ab Combo - Fingerprick blood sampling. - 20 minutes to results | ||
| 3 months | HIV 3rd Generation Test - OraQuick® HIV-1/2 Antibody - Oral fluid or - Fingerprick blood sampling. - 20 minutes to results | STD testing * - Full & comprehensive - diagnostic test - to look for current infections | |
| Watch for | HIV Symptoms | STD Symptoms | |
| If infected | HIV Treatment | STD Treatment | Abortion |
References